How does the world system and colonialism affect the health of indigenous populations?

The impact of world systems and colonialism on indigenous populations' health is complex, but one significant outcome is the worsening of health through disease and servitude. Colonialism often introduced new diseases to which indigenous populations had little to no immunity, leading to significant mortality and morbidity. These health effects were compounded by the socio-economic disruptions caused by colonial practices, including forced labor and displacement, which can severely limit access to nutritional diets, clean water, and sanitation.

Moreover, colonialism frequently eroded traditional social structures and health practices, further exacerbating health issues. The imposition of foreign governance and economic systems often resulted in the exploitation of indigenous labor, leading to poor living conditions, increased vulnerability, and overall negative impacts on physical and mental health.

In contrast, the incorrect options suggest outcomes such as improved access to healthcare or increased economic opportunities, which are not reflective of the historical realities faced by many indigenous populations under colonial regimes. Instead, these populations typically experienced a decline in their overall health and well-being as their lands were exploited and their rights marginalized.