The process that focuses on the use of energy and machinery is known as:

The focus on the use of energy and machinery is best captured by industrialization. This term refers specifically to the transformation of economies from primarily agrarian and handicraft-based systems into ones dominated by industry and manufacturing. Industrialization involves the introduction of machines that significantly increase production capacity and efficiency, leading to large-scale changes in society, including economic structures, labor patterns, and social dynamics.

While modernization can encompass a broader range of societal changes, including advancements in technology, urbanization, and cultural shifts, it does not specifically capture the essence of machinery and energy usage in production processes as industrialization does. Urban development, meanwhile, pertains more to the growth and organization of cities and their infrastructure without necessarily addressing the industrial processes themselves. Subsistence focuses on meeting basic needs, which contrasts with the larger economic and technological shifts described by industrialization.