What did early applications of anthropology primarily focus on?

The focus of early applications of anthropology was largely on the diffusion of European culture in tribal societies. During the colonial era, anthropologists often studied non-Western societies with the lens of understanding how European customs, beliefs, and systems of governance influenced and interacted with local practices. This examination was rooted in a desire to document and sometimes justify colonial interventions by showcasing the perceived differences between 'civilized' European cultures and 'primitive' tribal cultures.

This anthropological approach frequently involved documenting tribal societies, often leading to a narrative of cultural superiority that endorsed colonial dominance. The emphasis during this period was not only on the cultures themselves but on the ways in which these cultures were affected, transformed, or subsumed by European influences. As a result, much of the early anthropological work served to reinforce existing power structures and the ideologies of colonialism.

In contrast, the other options represent themes that became more prominent in anthropology in later years. For instance, environmental sustainability and the protection of indigenous languages are more contemporary concerns that reflect a shift towards advocacy and ethical considerations in anthropology. Likewise, the impact of globalization is a modern topic that speaks to the interconnectedness of cultures and societies in the current global landscape.