What does industrialization emphasize?

Industrialization significantly emphasizes the use of material forms of energy to power machinery, marking a shift from traditional methods of production to mechanized processes. This transformation allows for increased efficiency and productivity in manufacturing and various industries, leading to mass production. The adoption of coal, oil, and electricity as energy sources fundamentally changed how goods were produced and distributed, greatly impacting societies by facilitating urbanization and changing labor dynamics.

In contrast to this, the focus on manual labor (the first option) and the development of agricultural techniques (the last option) represent earlier economic systems that predate industrialization. Moreover, the reduction of urban jobs (the third option) does not align with the realities of industrialization, as it typically leads to an increase in urban employment opportunities due to the demand for labor in factories and related industries. Overall, the reliance on material energy sources to drive machinery is a core characteristic that defines the industrialization process.