What is the primary belief of Polygenism?

Polygenism is a theoretical perspective on human origins that posits that different human races descended from distinct ancestral lineages. This belief suggests that rather than all humans having originated from a single species or common ancestor, various groups or races have unique evolutionary paths, arising independently in different parts of the world. It contrasts with the concept of monogenism, which supports the idea of a single origin for all humans.

The understanding of polygenism played a significant role in historical discussions around race, particularly in the context of justifying racial hierarchies and notions of superiority based on perceived differences among racial groups. This perspective has been largely discredited by modern scientific research, which supports the view that all humans share a common ancestry and emphasizes the genetic similarities across different populations.

The other options relate to different understandings of human biological and social identities. The idea that races have evolved from a single ancestor is aligned with monogenism, while the belief that all humans share the same biological makeup reflects a more contemporary understanding based on genetics. Lastly, the assertion that race is a social construct highlights how societal interpretations shape our understanding of racial categories rather than indicating distinct biological differences, which stands separate from the polygenist viewpoint.