What societal change is most closely associated with increased fossil fuel consumption?

The growth of urban centers is most closely associated with increased fossil fuel consumption due to the nature of urban living and the demands of metropolitan areas. Urban centers often concentrate large populations in relatively small geographic areas, leading to higher energy use for transportation, heating, cooling, and electricity. The infrastructure and services in cities, such as public transportation, commercial activities, and residential facilities, typically rely heavily on fossil fuels to operate efficiently and meet the needs of a large number of residents.

Furthermore, urbanization leads to increased demand for goods and services that are produced and transported using fossil fuels. The rise of industries and businesses in urban areas also contributes to heightened energy consumption as they consume more energy in operations and logistics. This interconnectedness between urban growth and fossil fuel usage illustrates the extent to which urban environments shape energy consumption patterns in contemporary society.